Start-to-Finish Zero Liquid Discharge Solution Delivered

A photo of a full-scale SaltMaker Unit at Saltworks' HQ.

Innovative Integration: Zero Liquid Discharge Solution Delivered

Start-to-Finish ZLD Plant Designed and Delivered to a US Mine

Oct 13^th 2023

Saltworks has delivered a complete zero liquid discharge (ZLD) industrial desalination solution to a mining site in the US. The uniquely modular and digitized plant enabled the client to rapidly install and implement the intelligently automated ZLD system with reduced inputs.

For cost-optimized ZLD, most projects need an ideal blend of membrane, chemical, and thermal stages to minimize costs, maximize freshwater recovery, and reduce waste products. Saltworks’ innovative, modular, and digitized products operate as standalone units or can be packaged together into a complete system.

The delivered plant integrates BrineRefine, XtremeUF, XtremeRO, and SaltMaker MVR for optimized performance and costs. In Saltworks’ ZLD solutions, each technology is delivered on a compact skid, fully equipped with controls and support systems for quick deployment and easy installation at the client’s site. All interconnections and digital controls are provided, further accelerating installation, start-up and lowering integration costs.

The XtremeRO unit with a Saltworks team member during manufacturing at the Saltworks factory.

To optimize cost and energy use, maximizing reverse osmosis (RO) system recovery is key. This requires protecting RO units from scaling and fouling as higher concentrations are reached. Because the initial wastewater feed is saturated in scaling ions, Saltworks’ BrineRefine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) first precipitates out solids, then allowing our XtremeUF ceramic ultrafiltration unit to reject the resulting sub-micron precipitants.

This process protects the downstream XtremeRO high-pressure reverse osmosis system, which recovers more water and produces a high-concentration, low-volume brine. Finally, a SaltMaker MVR thermal evaporator-crystallizer concentrates even further and produces zero liquid discharge solids.

Saltworks’ standardized, repeatable, and digitized modular plants are available to serve your industrial desalination or lithium refining projects.

The SaltMaker MVR unit with a Saltworks’ technician during manufacturing at the Saltworks factory.

Considering a zero liquid discharge solution? Contact our team today to take advantage of our pioneering expertise in ZLD, process optimization, engineering, and manufacturing.

About Saltworks

Saltworks Technologies is a leader in the development and delivery of solutions for industrial wastewater treatment and lithium refining. By working with customers to understand their unique challenges and focusing on continuous innovation, Saltworks’ solutions provide best-in-class performance and reliability. From its headquarters in Richmond, BC, Canada, Saltworks’ team designs, builds, and operates full-scale plants, and offers comprehensive onsite and offsite testing services with its fleet of mobile pilots.

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Mining Water for Lithium: ZLD and LCE

Saltworks » News » Page 3

Mining Water for Lithium: ZLD and LCE

Saltworks' new technology map and podcast appearance

June 19^th, 2023

Lithium is critical for the clean energy transition and everyday life. It is a key component in phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage technologies.

Most of the world’s lithium is extracted from either hard rocks or salty brines. Lithium production is typically measured in lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). The refining of salty brines into LCE products involves “water mining,” making use of industrial desalination technologies commonly known as zero liquid discharge (ZLD) solutions.

Saltworks is pleased to release a new technology map for achieving complete system ZLD and LCE production from repeatable modular process technologies. The map shows two complete examples. Both pathways involve the same digitized building blocks but are arranged differently to meet their intended purpose.

Saltworks’ comprehensive ZLD plants are deployed in the mining industry where they treat mine effluent and produce clean water while reducing all contaminants to a solid salt in a crystallizer. The same technology is under the hood of America’s first lithium battery recyclers. Meanwhile, at Saltworks’ demonstration-scale Lithium Test Centre, enough LCE is being produced every day to power a small fleet of electric vehicles. The same repeatable process modules are used throughout.

Saltworks’ CEO, Ben Sparrow, recently appeared on the “(Don’t) Waste Water” podcast, hosted by Antoine Walter (available on YouTube, Spotify and other podcast platforms). The interview contextualizes the technology map, explaining the importance of water technologies in lithium mining while discussing growing demand in both sectors.

With growing demand and urgency, it becomes ever more important that robust, repeatable, and economic solutions are delivered on short lead times and pre-commissioned offsite to the greatest extent possible. Saltworks’ products and technology map accelerate projects, whether desalting an industrial effluent or refining a lithium feedstock into battery-grade chemicals.

Saltworks produces everything from single blocks to complete plants. Contact an expert today to learn more about our modular approach, designed to accelerate project delivery and minimize the total cost of ownership.

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Photo of battery-grade lithium solids prepared in Saltworks' Lithium Test Centre.

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Lithium Test Center

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Lithium Extraction and Refining

Saltworks brings water mining expertise and advanced desalination technologies to our lithium clients, offering solutions for concentrating, refining, and converting low-grade lithium sources to battery-grade product. We offer higher purity and lower energy processing technology, that boosts yield, removes unit operations, and reduces cost.

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Modular & Intelligent Selective Contaminant Removal Solution Delivered

Photo of a full-scale, 2-module, Saltworks BrineRefine plant

Saltworks » News » Page 3

Saltworks Delivers Modular & Intelligent Selective Contaminant Removal Solution

BrineRefine & XtremeUF Plant Shipped to the Middle East

March 29^th, 2023

Saltworks is thrilled to help clients lower installation costs, reduce operational costs, and future-proof their plants. This was recently demonstrated through the delivery of a modular ‘plug and play’ digitized BrineRefine and XtremeUF system to a client in the Middle East. Integrated in a compact and fully automated plant, BrineRefine and XtremeUF enable Saltworks’ industrial clients to target ions of value or concern with substantially reduced waste.

BrineRefine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) modules are modernized chemical reaction systems with a higher degree of precision and control. They produce battery-grade lithium chemicals or selectively remove ions of concern such as metals, silica, calcium, sulfates, fluorides, and more.

The delivered plant operates at a capacity of 200 GPM (1,100 m³/day) and precipitates a key ion of interest. The XtremeUF ceramic ultrafiltration unit polishes the BrineRefine output to reject sub-micron sized precipitants and is configurable with membranes of different pore sizes. This ensures complete treatment while also making the plant’s output flow ready for downstream membrane processing.

BrineRefine pilot unit used in project development (first) and full-scale system (second) before leaving Saltworks’ manufacturing facility.

“This plant represents a major step forward for project delivery in a supply- and labor- constrained market,” said Saltworks’ VP, Technology & Projects, Derek Mandel. “The precision and intelligent controls are helping clients reduce chemical consumption, improve product quality, reduce waste generated, increase up-time, and better utilize their skilled labor force.”

Saltworks offers a broad range of modular, intelligently controlled solutions to recover valuable chemicals and treat industrial wastewaters. Different modules can be combined according to the customer’s needs, as with the integrated BrineRefine and XtremeUF units. Each modular skid neatly houses the required supporting equipment, including electrical and controls.

The plant delivered for this project is a prime example of one that progressed through Saltworks’ industry-leading pilot and testing programs—recently expanded to include our dedicated Lithium Test Centre. Saltworks’ clients have access to fully automated pilot plants—which represent the operational capabilities of full-scale plants—to trial chemistry and optimize performance. With pilot results in-hand, Saltworks’ skilled team then custom designs and builds the full-scale plants in-house, with tightly controlled supply chain and quality assurance to ensure smooth project progression.

Saltworks’ engineering expertise, pilot programs, modular intelligent plants, and extensive testing and commissioning at its production facility, reduce project installation cost, timelines, and risk. Contact us for a detailed review of your project needs.

About Saltworks

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Saltworks’ Lithium Refining Test Center Opens

Photo of a Saltworks XtremeUF system, outdoors with a technician during testing

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Saltworks’ Lithium Refining Test Center Opens to Accelerate Lithium Projects

January 24^th, 2023

Saltworks is delighted to formally announce its Lithium Test Center, dedicated to accelerating and de-risking lithium processing projects. The new center incorporates end-to-end lithium processing pilot plants and technical expertise in the production of battery-grade lithium chemicals. This development consolidates and expands the company’s ongoing lithium offerings, including:

Processing direct lithium extraction (DLE) eluents to battery-grade lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide through Saltworks’ concentration, refining and converting (CRC) technologies,
Refining and upgrading lithium hydroxide using its SaltMaker MVR crystallizer technology, and
Producing metals from recycled lithium-ion battery hydrometallurgy processes.

“Saltworks’ technologies and engineering expertise are supporting the growth of the lithium extraction, refining and recycling industries at bench-, pilot- and full-scale,” said Saltworks’ CEO, Benjamin Sparrow. “Our new Lithium Test Center delivers rapid results and project advancement based on proven, scalable technologies. Our full-scale plants are assembled right next door, in Saltworks’ manufacturing headquarters, ensuring that our pilot projects are representative of full-scale performance. By dedicating more resources to serving lithium clients, Saltworks intends to fast-track more projects, putting them on the path to clean, economic, full-scale solutions and enabling the transition to clean energy.”

Lithium projects are progressed by using substantial pilot assets (first image) to support full-scale implementation (second).

“We are proud to build on Saltworks’ history of providing everything from scientific and engineering expertise to design and manufacturing for full-scale project delivery in the lithium mining and refining space,” said Saltworks’ Lithium Test Center Leader, Megan Low.

Saltworks has delivered scalable, battery-grade lithium carbonate for multiple clients, as described in one client’s press release. Saltworks’ offerings for lithium projects are detailed on our Lithium Extraction & Refining page, and the Lithium Test Center can be reached there. Those with lithium or industrial water projects at any stage of development are encouraged to share project inquiries with Saltworks for a swift, expert response.

Learn more about the Lithium Test Center: in-house mini-refineries staffed by experts.

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Waste Heat-Powered Evaporator Delivered to EV Battery Plant

Photo of a disassembled and packed up SaltMaker AirBreather plant built for an electric vehicle battery plant.

Saltworks » News » Page 3

Waste Heat-Powered Evaporator Delivered to EV Battery Plant

Treating wastewater, improving sustainability, lowering costs, and providing cooling

July 25^th, 2022

A full-scale, waste heat-driven, Saltworks evaporator has been delivered to an electric vehicle (EV) battery plant. The SaltMaker AirBreather evaporator will treat a highly saline wastewater stream to reduce its volume, reducing the client’s need to truck wastewater offsite.

The main SaltMaker AirBreather skid at Saltworks’ facility before (first image) and after (second) disassembly and packing for shipment.

To do so, it will use waste heat from the manufacturing facility, thereby also increasing the facility’s cooling capacity. This is possible thanks to the AirBreather’s ability to operate more efficiently at lower temperatures compared to traditional evaporation technologies, allowing reuse of lower grade waste heat than previously possible.

This installation adds to the growing list of full-scale, waste heat-driven plants delivered by Saltworks, reducing energy consumption and operating costs, while enabling a greener future.

SaltMaker AirBreather module inside Saltworks’ facility prior to completion (first image) and wrapped in protective film (second) for shipping to the customer site.

Saltworks’ CEO, Benjamin Sparrow, commented “the SaltMaker platform was originally developed to treat oil and gas produced waters, leveraging waste heat when available at production sites. We are thrilled to see this technology adopted at full-scale in the electric vehicle industry. Saltworks is proud to help clients from all industries to achieve lower operating costs and improve their sustainability metrics.”

The SaltMaker AirBreather was developed with support from Canada’s National Research Council’s (NRC) Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) and Sustainable Technology Development Canada (SDTC).

Saltworks’ SaltMaker evaporative crystallizers are available with different configurations optimized for the wastewater and energy source, and may be electrically or thermally driven. Saltworks’ experts can help select the right water recovery and brine minimization system for your needs. Contact our experts to learn more about our technologies or for an assessment of your project.

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EPRI Publishes Report: Successful FGD Industrial Water Reuse

A photo of a Saltworks FlexEDR pilot plant operating on-site at EPRI

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EPRI Publishes Report: Successful FGD Industrial Water Reuse

"Chloride kidney" achieves 93% water recovery from flue gas desulfurization wastewater—without costly chemical pre-treatment

May 18^th, 2022

Saltworks welcomes the publication of a new report by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The report summarizes results from a pilot project completed by Saltworks at one of the largest coal power plants in the US. The project employed Saltworks’ FlexEDR monovalent electrodialysis “chloride kidney” technology to treat flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater at a coal-fired power plant. The project recovered 93% freshwater without the need for costly chemical softening.

The report, entitled “FGD Wastewater Treatment Testing Using a Saltworks FlexEDR Selective (Electrodialysis Reversal System) Technology”, gives an overview of treatment technologies, explains the need for selective chloride removal in FGD wastewater, and provides testing methodology and results that demonstrate FlexEDR’s performance. FlexEDR also previously won POWER Magazine’s 2020 Water Award following this same pilot project

The FlexEDR chloride kidney system builds on industrialized electrodialysis reversal by integrating Saltworks’ proprietary IonFlux selective monovalent anion exchange membranes (mAEM). These membranes selectively remove chloride ions while preventing sulfate from entering the brine. This prevents the formation of scale-causing calcium sulfate and avoids the need to remove calcium via expensive soda ash softening—a requirement of reverse osmosis systems aiming to achieve similar recoveries.

Saltworks’ FlexEDR systems are also engineered to operate reliably in the face of higher organic and particulate loads than those tolerated by reverse osmosis. This means FlexEDR offers vastly simplified pre-treatment and lowered capital and operating costs when treating FGD wastewater for chlorides, all while achieving a high water recycling rate.

Saltworks is proud to provide leading technologies that are backed by third-party data and analysis. The FlexEDR Selective system can remove monovalent ions from most industrial wastewaters. If you have wastewater that is blown down due to chloride concentration then reach out to Saltworks for a solution that selectively extracts chlorides and recycles wastewater in a singular, robust unit operation.

About Saltworks

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Lithium & Nickel Crystallizers for the EV Battery Industry

Photo of a full-scale SaltMaker ChilledCrys skid

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Lithium & Nickel Crystallizers for the EV Battery Industry

Modular SaltMaker MVR and ChilledCrys Systems

March 24^th, 2022

Saltworks has shipped two SaltMaker MVR crystallizers and a SaltMaker ChilledCrys to the electric vehicle (EV) battery industry. These full-scale systems will play an essential role in the production of lithium and nickel—two critical elements in EV batteries.

SaltMaker MVR crystallizers are highly modular, electrically driven, and use forced circulation mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) to evaporate water and crystallize compounds. Their compact and modular design enables rapid installation on factory floors, boosting production while recycling wastewater and ions of value.

Saltworks offers a suite of advanced water technology solutions to support electrification and decarbonization in industry, particularly industrial desalination.

A SaltMaker MVR plant: a comprehensive modular plant (first image), a heat exchanger (second), and fully packaged for shipping (third).

Saltworks’ EVP, Malcolm Man, commented “We’re proud to contribute to a greener future for all means of transport, regardless of what’s under the hood: gas engines, lithium-ion batteries, or hydrogen fuel cells. Advanced water technology is critical for all as they seek to limit GHG emissions and environmental impacts within their supply chains.”

A SaltMaker ChilledCrys plant on the Saltworks factory floor: full plant as seen from ground level (first image) and from above (second).

Saltworks’ solutions are used to concentrate and convert valuable metals to battery-grade solids, manage residual brines, and target specific contaminants. The company’s most economic recovery projects involve lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Saltworks has also helped clients recover commodity chemicals such as ammonia, sodium sulfate, and acids. Reach out to Saltworks’ technical experts to learn more.

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Ceramic Ultrafiltration: a Workhouse in Industrial Desalination, Manufacturing and More

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Ceramic Ultrafiltration: a Workhouse in Industrial Desalination, Manufacturing and More

Saltworks’ XtremeUF self-maintaining ceramic system finds broad applications

February 15^th, 2022

Saltworks Technologies recently delivered a full-scale compact and automated XtremeUF ultrafiltration system to an advanced materials manufacturing plant in the US. XtremeUF removes specific contaminants that conventional clarifiers and polymeric ultrafiltration have struggled with, either due to reliability, excessive chemical consumption, or space requirements. When appropriate and implemented correctly, ceramic ultrafiltration improves overall water balance at lower operating costs while saving valuable floor space. Saltworks has more XtremeUF systems in production, which it will be delivering this year.

Saltworks originally developed XtremeUF technology for industrial desalination, specifically to remove precipitated scaling ions in order to enable ultra-high recovery membrane desalination (for example, recoveries up to 99%). XtremeUF is increasingly being deployed in non-desalination applications for its versatility and long-term reliability. The technology is being used to remove chemical reaction by-products in manufacturing, produce electric vehicle (EV) battery-grade inputs, and to extract and recycle constituents of value from waste streams.

A comprehensive, containerized, full-scale XtremeUF plant.

Malcolm Man, Saltworks’ EVP, describes XtremeUF as “a self-cleaning robot built around widely available ceramic membrane elements. The hardened non-polymeric membranes can take a beating and our customers are not beholden to a single supplier since we use commoditized membrane elements. Saltworks’ value-add is a compact, high-quality skid with our innovative and proprietary process control that keeps the system operating at peak capacity. We are thrilled to see important industries such as manufacturing, mining, and power generation benefiting from XtremeUF.”

Close-up views of the XtremeUF vessels contained within a full-scale plant.

Ultrafiltration Technical Background

Ultrafiltration (UF) removes total suspended solids (TSS) from waters with particle sizes from 0.01 to 1.2 microns. There are two broad types of UF—ceramic and polymeric—with many variants within. Both have a specific fit case. For general guidance, polymeric ultrafiltration is well suited to waters with TSS around 100 mg/L and no harmful organics or chemicals (for example, river water). Ceramic UF costs more than polymeric UF but treats more challenging waters—such as those with TSS around 100 times higher (10,000 mg/L), wider pH and temperature ranges, and with more complex organics—without impacts on membrane longevity.

Saltworks works with clients to support the selection of the correct UF system for each project, understanding the fit case, cost, and trade-offs of both polymeric and ceramic UF. XtremeUF can be paired with a BrineRefine system to alter water chemistry, extract valuable resources, or enable ultra-high recovery reverse osmosis by removing scaling ions. Saltworks welcomes new challenges and owns a fleet of mobile automated pilot plants ready for dispatch. To learn more about XtremeUF and ultrafiltration, reach out to a Saltworks expert.

About Saltworks

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Saltworks Joins Yale, EPRI, Oak Ridge in NAWI Research

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Saltworks Joins Yale, EPRI, Oak Ridge in NAWI Research

Project to focus on lowering industrial water re-use costs

December 9^th, 2021

Saltworks is excited to announce that it is part of a new National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) research team that includes Yale University, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

The team is advancing a project to improve water recovery in membrane brine concentrators, building on Saltworks’ expertise in delivering ultra-high water recovery plants for industrial clients. Today, Saltworks is already boosting the industry standard of 80% membrane system recovery to over 98% recovery on scaling industrial flows, enabling a step-change in cost and energy reduction for downstream thermal concentrators and crystallizers. The team’s research was proposed collaboratively, based on Saltworks’ customer-driven R&D.

The project will be led by Menachem Elimelech, Sterling Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Yale University. Prof. Elimelech is one of the world’s leading experts in membrane-based desalination, having authored more than 450 refereed journal publications, including articles in Science and Nature. Other expert leaders on the project include Prof. Minjiang Zhong (Yale) and Dr. Vyacheslav Bryantsev (Oak Ridge).

“Saltworks has seen extraordinary demand for its high-recovery solutions,” said Saltworks’ COO, Joshua Zoshi. “We offer commercial systems today but are an innovation firm at our core. We are therefore thrilled to be working with leading experts on this important NAWI project. If successful, the outcomes will benefit the desalination and industrial wastewater treatment industries as a whole.”

About NAWI

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) brings together a world-class team of industry and academic partners to examine the critical technical barriers and research needed to radically lower the cost and energy of desalination. NAWI is funded by the US Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Advanced Manufacturing Office to address barriers to desalination.

About Saltworks

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Ultra-High Recovery at Full-Scale: RO & EDR Plants Shipped

Photo of RO vessels in an XtremeRO plant

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Ultra-High Recovery at Full-Scale: RO & EDR Plants Shipped

Industrial Wastewater Treatment With Advanced Membrane Technologies

October 20^th, 2021

Saltworks is excited to announce the shipment of two membrane-based industrial wastewater treatment plants. Although electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and reverse osmosis (RO) may be viewed as competing desalination technologies, Saltworks offers both and helps clients navigate the fit case for each. Both plants achieve extreme freshwater recoveries thanks to the advanced technology embedded within them.

Saltworks’ FlexEDR was selected to treat a client’s industrial wastewater effluent that contains challenging organics. The mobile plant will be shipped to South America. FlexEDR was chosen after a competitive review against reverse osmosis (RO) due to Flex EDR’s more robust membranes. This reduces pre-treatment requirements and simplifies plant operations for challenging wastewaters. Typically, EDR is most effective at trimming total dissolved solids and reducing pre-treatment requirements. Saltworks also offers a unique selective EDR that acts as a ‘chloride kidney’ on process flows. On the other hand, RO is more effective at bulk removal of almost all constituents and meeting a stricter treated water quality specification.

FlexEDR E150 stacks shown uninstalled (first image) and installed within a plant (second), a Saltworks engineer inspecting one of the plant’s FlexEDR stacks (third), and the project team in front of a plant (fourth).

Saltworks’ XtremeRO was selected for the second plant—designed and built to treat saline water for use in an industrial process. Delivered in two fully modular, fully automated, low footprint skids, the plant uses our sophisticated XtremeRO high pressure reverse osmosis technology and is capable of achieving extraordinarily high recoveries. Higher recovery means less brine waste, reduced liabilities, and more freshwater for re-use by the client. A polish RO was included to meet a high-quality treated water specification.

Reverse osmosis plant: close-up, internal view of four XtremeRO reverse osmosis vessels in the reverse osmosis skid (first image), the entire reverse osmosis skid (second), and the chemical and ultrafiltration pre-treatment skid in the foreground (third).

A Tale of Two Treatment Technologies

Both EDR and RO remove dissolved salts. Considerations of pretreatment requirements, final treatment goals, membrane health, the total cost of ownership, and risk factors are all important before deciding on one membrane technology platform over the other. Desalination solution providers with expertise in both membrane technologies are well-positioned to help customers navigate solutions, trade-offs, and select the right platform for their needs.

Saltworks offers advanced EDR and RO platforms, with industry-leading water recoveries. Our water treatment expertise, pilot fleet, and full-scale production also include thermal and chemical technologies. Reach out to Saltwork’s technical experts to learn more.